Existence

The word “existence” designates the fact of being evident to other observers, including the capacity of the observer to be able to describe itself to itself, in contrast to means. This requires of time and a space in which a series of interactions occurs that allow to catalog to the observed thing within the concept of the real thing so that, by reaction, its existence is assumed. For example the fact of being of an absolute way, the fact to be given for the perception, or even for the conscience.

Resistances

“Existence” at the same time is against the essence (what it is) and to the nothing, that is its negation.

From the point of view psychoanalyst, the own nature of the mind establishes the existence of I, who am born in the moment that exists in the brain a specialized region to reason the different forms or ways to fulfill a target, and to evaluate the appeals of IT. I settle down a bond between IT and the Superyo, reason why she gives authorization to consume the energies and appeals that will allow us to fulfill the target. Since the appeals are evaluated, IT would be the “container” in which the energies are stored will enable that us for everything what I consider good, defined by the Superyo. Therefore the conscience of the existence in inherent to all alive being who owns a brain able to develop a mind.

Existence

Of course that we existed, as much the visible thing as the nonvisible thing, to all the ranks of the creation. Our own existence is a tribulation in the great plane of the universe, beings equipped with brings back to consciousness and core, creators voluntarily of our surroundings, dominant and revolutionary. From our dimension we tried to show itself to the rest of the universe, years after years of evolution and coexistence. Formed by original matter, light beings we are to which to equipped to them with physical body to be able to interact with the surroundings. In the earthly plane our being resides in the conjunction of brings back to consciousness and the body, but at universal level we are only energy, a core that locks up our brings back to consciousness in its entrails, which this predestined to leave the body and to go beyond of our our understanding, residing in an infinite plane to which the same core is only predestined. (Carlos Benítez Barber).

The Metaphysical problem of the existence

All the beings exist, and is an evident source beyond the physique of the living beings thought (and even the imaginary thing) and the action suppose the existence. To exist is to be; to be is to exist. Therefore the existence is something immediate, that constitutes the beginning of everything.

In this sense, the existence is the simple fact of being, the being conceived without determination some, predicate, anything: the being begins then by the indetermination of the existence, indetermine pure and simple fact of being. Thus, this first idea of the existence will make it to us conceive by an immediate knowledge. From this point of view:

• to be and thought they are identical;
• the existence is immediately well-known.

The knowledge than is the existence because is originated of the same existence. Everyone would have then an immediate knowledge of the immediate thing. These points raise some of the difficulties of the philosophy:

• if the existence is well-known by I, can be deduced of it the existence of the things?
• It is the immediately well-known existence by our conscience?
• Is the existence a knowledge object?

These questions cause distinctions:

• existence for I (subjective) and existence of the things (objective): in the modern idealismo, it is the subjective existence whereas thought the one that is absolutely certain.
• to be and existence: one distinguishes between “to be” and “to be a being”.

The Metaphysical origin of the existence

In this last distinction, which can be considered that the philosophy has traditionally chosen the being to the detriment of the existence, is translated by the formulation of Aristotle: The eternal object of all the present and passed searches, the point always pending: what is the being? it is equivalent to ask what is the substance? According to Plato, the search of Aristotle concentrates then on the essence, and not on the existence, and the existence would be because hidden: the existence must always Metaphysical think in relation to the essence; the essence is the condition of intelligibility of the existence.

From this esencialista point of view, several major impacts follow:

• the essence is the possible being, and the existence the real being;
• the existence of a being is function of its essence;
• the existence because is defined by its essence, that gives then to its limits and their perfection him;
• the difference between the essences produces a hierarchy of the existences i.i a hierarchy of the reality: there is order;
• the more perfect it is an essence, the more perfect is the existence that is come off her;
• God (or the Good, the pure act, etc.) - being the sovereign essence, it is from where all existence comes; It would be even the unique and true essence, which necessarily the existence is come off, which would make of any metaphysics and any science, a theology (Philosophy first for Aristotle).

Nevertheless, this metaphysics owns a very simple problem: if the existence depends until that point of the essence (definition, intelligibility, structure of the being, ratio to be, etc.) then why exists something outside the essence?

An answer is that God has created the essences and fulfilled that passage of the possible thing to the real thing that the human ratio is not able to think (also sees Plato, Timeo). But the problem is always the same: how a supreme essence can put outside itself something contingent and inferior, the existence?

Philosophy of the existence

As opposed to these problems, one can want to think about the existence of independent way, independent of the essence. It is the existential upset of metaphysics: the fact to exist becomes the starting point of the thought, which gives sense truly to our experience. It is the existence without essence, i.e without ratio and hierarchy. To think to the man from its particular existence.

The analysis of the existence like phenomenon

The existence, in western metaphysics, is outside the concept: in this sense, him the ignored credit can be reproached the existence, since the existence is simply what escapes to the essence: the existence is not deduced of the concept, it is not a predicate but a position - what cf is put here and now (. Kant).

But the existence is also the individual thing, and therefore it reveals not the knowledge than it is, but subjectivity. It is because the individual that is the existing one, and the knowledge of its reality happens through its conscience and its acts (its will). Nevertheless, it is that aspect of the existence that the Metaphysical speculation ignores, to that are against the philosophies that leave of the individual, its freedom and its selections of life.

The conscience of the existence

The reality of the existence can be apprehended of effective way (cf. sensitivity for Rousseau), independent of the ratio, i.e that what from it is obtained not it deduces of the essence, is not demonstrable, is irrefutable (Nietzsche) and seems mainly an irrational phenomenon then. But this affective conscience can be conceived like a “humor” (Stimmung, cf. Heidegger) a priori, i.e a tonality of the existence that precedes the pick up of things in its particularitity. This tonality is then contemporary than “openness to the world” is called.

• Nausea, for Sartre, the things that lose their utilitarian sense no longer can name; its pure existence is then the one that becomes invasive, uncontrollable. The conscience doubts between the subject merger/object and the rejection. Sartre also approaches, from its personage Antoine Roquentin, to the idea that Nausea is physically pronounced like a sudden sensation, or brief or no, of abandonment, inconvenience and lack of understanding of the own reality, the own limits of the body. “how I have arrived at this place” is to ignore
• Anguish: for Heidegger, the anguish, on the contrary that the fear, does not have an identifiable real object in the experience. The fear can be fought using means of protection against an identified good danger. The anguish, on the contrary, when not having object, is an anguish don't mention it and its source is therefore own the existing one that it must be of authentic way.
• Said: unlike the contemporary philosophies of the existence that put in the heart of the existing one, in its own structure, rather negative feelings, a philosopher as Rousseau thinks to find under the falsification of the social life the pure one to please of existing that it is the natural benefit of sensitivity: this sensitivity is for him the starting point of the existence.

to be of this world

The finitud

In the philosophies of the existence, the freedom is an absolute one, the irrebasable essence of the existence. But this freedom cannot be its own foundation, because there is an original facticidad of the freedom that reveals because the nonsobremountable finitud of the same. The freedom is nothing less than the same man, his existence and defines the human condition: we are condemned the freedom, we are thrown her, exactly as we are thrown here to the world.

Forms of existence

One of the philosophical problems associated to the concept of existence of objects or organizations the specification of in what determined organization it exists or it can can be well-known or not by an intelligence. Habitually these ways of existence are distinguien at least:

• Physical or contingent existence, that it has to do with the empirically verifiable presence by means of experiment or physical measure of a particular type of physical object in a certain space-time being this verifiable presence by diverse observers.
  • The present existence, talks about, to that a concrete region of the accessible space-time to several observers exists efecticamente meet the conditions of physical existence of a certain organization. Generally, “here and now” did not can be spoken of existence shared by all the observers because the different observers will differ in what events are simultaneous.
  • Possibility or possible existence, that it is possible to be produced according to the previous conditions, although in fact has still not taken place, or they never take place.

• Mental or conceptual existence, is the one that occurs for certain abstract, nonphysical entity type, like the numbers and the mathematical constructions. An object says existing within certain frame of axioms if it can be defined or be identified using these axioms.
  • Necessary existence, is that one thinks because it cannot not exist. And therefore we can affirm its existence under the apodíctica form.

Mathematics

That the imaginary numbers exist or no, it concerns little for the today mathematicians.

We take an example: we imagine that our universe is a plane in which all the creatures are flat worms. We draw a left hand and a right hand. In the plane, there is no way to happen of the one drawing to the one of the other. But the flat worm can imagine one third perpendicular dimension to the other 2 that it is going to allow to him to make three-dimensional a rotation imaginary so that will be able to transform a right drawing of hand into a left drawing of hand. We take this example now to the human being: by means of a rotation in a space of 4 dimensions we could transform a right glove into a left glove. We donot can do it and it tries well that 4ª dimension is imaginary with respect to the other 3. But it does not prevent to make calculations and geometry of 4 dimensions.

What is the reality in relation to the perception that we have of her? The mathematical one goes beyond the imaginary real debate or, in addition the complex term means real and imaginary.

Bibliography

• Proslogion, Anselmo de Canterbury
• The City of God, San Agustín
• Of the original production of the things taken from root, Leibniz
• Critic of the pure ratio, Kant
• Encyclopedia of philosophical sciences, Hegel
• Méditations cartésiennes, Husserl
• To be and Time, Heidegger
• Nausea, Jean-Paul Sartre
• The Being and the Existence, Gilson
• Fenomenología of the Perception, Merleau-Ponty
• The Myth of Sísifo, Camus

It is seen in addition

• Essence (philosophy)
• To be
• Existencialismo
• Freedom
• Death
• Subject (philosophy)
• Time
• Life
• Diabolic evidence
• The philosophy of Martin Heidegger

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